Methods of measuring distance in surveying pdf Detailed procedures for performing and recording transit tape topographic surveys can be found in most of the survey texts. Measuring Distances. 250 m + the ‘coarse measurements advantages over the direct methods of measurement of these quantities. Such methods are useful for mea-suring environmental changes at regional or global scales on the Earth’s surface, hydrosphere, cryosphere or the atmosphere. 3 2 10000 m phase measurement = 0. (3) taping or "chaining. Measuring uphill involves moving the tape forward in increments, while downhill requires reversing the tape and using the plumb bob to mark pin locations. Through the use of trigonometric calculations, the distance and angle measurements are used to establish three dimensional (3-D) coordinates for each surveyed point. If the points are at different elevation, the distance is the horizontal length between vertical lines at the points. 1 Moving the Instrument 6. txt) or read online for free. When crossing the ground, they give the longer (land-surface) measure between those two points. The most common methods used for chaining are: MEASURING DISTANCES The principal methods of measuring distance are the (1) pacing. Taping. Taping has been the traditional surveying method for horizontal about Surveying Part 1 by Shahid Iqbal, Ph. 5 Traversing 6. 100, 200, 300, or 500-foot steel tapes are used for manual distance measurement methods. 1 Phase Difference Between 1Yansmitted and Received Signal Most common EDM instruments used in surveying are based on this principle, The most common method of measuring distance, using a chain or steel tape. Slope distance can be converted to horizontal distance using the slope angle or elevation differences. For details of this method of survey, reader has to refer specialised books on ‘surveying and levelling’. It is used reconnaissance survey. (5) optical range fmder. 11. 4 Linear Measurement with Electromagnetic Distance Measurement Instruments Nowadays for measuring distances electronic equipments called electromagnetic distance measurement points and angles between two lines. The distance to the target is determined by measuring the time taken for the Radar signal to travel to the target and back. A good knowledge of chain surveying is therefore essential to a proper knowledge of surveying as a whole. 27). Woven, cloth, and other types of tapes may also be used for lower accuracy measurements. Objectives: On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: - select a suitable method of linear measurement for a particular survey task; - measure with a steel tape using techniques to avoid, minimize or eliminate errors; - reduce steel tape measurements for temperature, tension, sag, and slope; and reduce electronic distance To obtain accuracy in surveying and speed up distance measurement, the electronic distance measuring (EDM) method was introduced. It involves breaking the tape into shorter increments and using a plumb bob and alignment pins to keep the tape horizontal. When approximate distances are appropriate, pacing can be used over short distances and odometers 1-5. org surveying, including the introduction of theodolites, distance measuring devices, and later, electronic total stations and GPS. 2 km is only 10 cm. The method of measurement you use will depend on several factors: the accuracy of the result needed; the equipment you have available, to use; the type of terrain you need to measure. doc / . Land Surveying Principles - Traverse Surveys – A07-002 3 54. SURVEYING A BOREHOLE A survey of a borehole should provide an accurate plot of the path of the hole in 3-dimensional space, i. Differential leveling 7. • Disadvantages Measuring distances and angles from a known reference are fundamental surveying operations. The direct method is the common method that employs a chain, tape or any other instrument to measure the linear distance. traditional horizontal control survey techniques 3. , light) to the object and measuring the time taken This document discusses various methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying. It also describes how an optical rangefinder and plumb bob are used to measure and transfer 10 m phase measurement = 0. Because only a surveyor who has full understanding of surveying techniques will be able to determine the most efficient methods required to obtain optimal results over a wide variety of surveying problems. It also describes indirect methods using chains and tapes. 4. 2. The entire area is divided into network of triangles. The distance is measured with the help of electro-magnetic waves such as micro wave, infrared wave and other similar waves. docx), PDF File (. Basics of surveying 3. Direct Measurements. 250 m 2 100 m phase measurement = 0. traverse computations and adjustments 10. 1. Frequently, the lay of the land between the two points is not uniform, or the elevation of the two points is very different. Methods of Measuring Distance Methods of Measuring Distance 7. When taut, they give a straight-line distance measure between two points. Method of measuring angle : there are two general methods of measuring angle in triangulation. 001 foot accuracy – Can be used to measure horizontal distances. From that time on, a broader application of this method of measuring distances evolved. The survey tape is the most common, but other methods and devices are also used in highway work. 4 Method of Bearings horizontal wires. Methods of levelling and their uses 6. Precision and accuracy in Apr 15, 2024 · 5. It is a simple and inexpensive method used for small areas, and the accuracy of the results depends on the precision of the chain used. bearing and azimuth determination 5. The phase difference method is defined here as the method of measuring phase differences of continuous waves for distance measurement. madeeasypublications. Measurement of Distance: Chaining. It involves measuring distances, angles, and elevations on the Earth’s surface to create maps and establish boundaries. Determine of area using total station. 1. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Steel tapes are used for greater precision. , lines, locating ground features, field work, instruments for setting out basic problems in chaining, by measuring with chain or tape. Indirect method Direct Method of Contouring It consists in finding vertical and horizontal controls of the points which lie on the selected contour line. It begins by defining leveling as the process of directly or indirectly measuring vertical distances to determine elevation differences. Laser Scanning in Engineering Surveying: Methods of Measurement and Modeling of Structures. Because of its ease of use, it is used during reconnaissance survey as a quick method of surveying to get a rough idea in the location to be surveyed. •Chain survey is one of the oldest methods of land surveying that involves measuring distances using a chain. 1 SURVEYING DEFINED Surveying is the art of measuring distances, anglesand positionson or near the surface of the earth. Dec 1, 2019 · Applications in geodesy and engineering surveying require the determination of the heights of the vertical control points in the national and local networks using different techniques. It discusses corrections that must be applied to taped measurements to account for factors like tape length. It may be open or closed. • Usually 100 foot lengths. Even though the instruments may be simple, a sufficient level of accuracy for many measuring jobs can be achieved with practice and careful Mar 30, 2024 · 2. A long measuring tape or surveyor’s \rope" can be used to measure distance in the eld. base subtense methods. Principle of EDM Electronic distance measurement in general is a term used as a method for distance measurement by electronic means. 2 Distance Measurement Distance may be measured by indirect and direct measurement procedures. • Advantages – High precision – 0. Heights and distance using Principles of tacheometric surveying (Two Exercises) 5. They are predictable. PACING: Pacing distance is Often, less accurate methods can be used for this work than for water-level recording stations, although the techniques are common. Theodolite Surveying Horizontal angles are measured by using a Compass with respect to meridian, which is less accurate and also it is not possible to measure vertical angles with a Compass. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods. Profile and cross section leveling 9. , the (x, y, z) coordinates (northing, east- Measurement of horizontal angles by method of repetition and reiteration. 1) EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES: Chain A chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Systematic Errors. In surveying, linear measurements have been obtained by many different methods. Chapter 2 Measurement of Horizontal Distances Handouts. Pacing is a reasonably easy and quick method of measuring distance in the field. 1 Measurement of Horizontal Angles 6. Determine the distance and heights of the objects using Stadia tacheometric method. 3 Method of Direct Angles 6. Pacing enables surveyors to (1) find the length of their own pace by pacing between two points with a known distance, and (2) measure the distance by pacing and then check it by taping. Chaining involves using a chain (or steel tape) to measure distance. Proper selection of a distance measuring method depends on factors like terrain, intended use of Introduction to electronic distance measurement J. minimum distance pp’, this should demonstrate graphically that the least squares solution is, in fact optimum in that it yield estimates which are closest to the given observations. Linear Measurement Instruments for Surveying. Direct methods include pacing, taping, and electronic distance measurement. Chain survey is the simplest and commonest method used in surveying exercises. %PDF-1. and (6) electronic distance measuring (EDM) methods. • For vertical control levelling instrument is commonly used. Whichever ofthese is used, the usual requirement in engineering surveying is for horizontaldistances. 1 Methods of Measuring Distances. 19 : Methods of locating ground details. 2188 2188 2 U L U L U L U L δφ π δφ π δφ π δφ π = = = = = = = = = = = = The distance d is then the summation of the ‘fine measurement’ 8. We will illustrate each of them in this chapter. Measuring horizontal distances Horizontal distances may be determined by many methods. (7)Measurements and their units (1) Linear measurement (2) Angular measurements 1-9. 6. Determine the distance and heights of the objects using tangential tacheometric method. These methods include: a) Pacing: Pacing is a reasonably easy and quick method of measuring distance in the field. Traversing: ATraversing is circuit of survey lines. 82 2 1000 m phase measurement = 0. Tacheometer. 2) Taping uses a graduated tape for direct measurement. This paper discusses various methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying, including pacing, chaining (taping), and Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM). However, if the area to be surveyed is comparatively large it is rather difficult and inaccurate to obtain all the required distances by measuring horizontal distances The document discusses various methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying: 1) Pacing involves counting steps to determine distance based on a calibrated pace factor. • Coordinate Methods: Coordinate methods are used nowadays in preference to the Jul 23, 2021 · PDF | This presentation is prepared in detail as a part of the course evaluation on the topic EDM is a surveying instrument for measuring distance | Find, read and cite all the research you three methods. The SDL30, therefore, gave accuracy values in distance measurement exceeding most known tacheometric methods. 5243 524. 2 Definitions Differential levelling is the term applied to any method of measuring directly with a graduated staff the difference in elevation between two or more points. 2 Measurement of Vertical Angles 6. Taping involves stretching a calibrated tape between two points and reading the distance. (Two Exercises) 6. Measuring distance 2. 19 4 Levelling – Longitudinal and cross-section and plotting 27 5 Measurement of Horizontal and vertical angle by theodolite 34 6 Trigonometric leveling using theodolite 40 U. Land Surveying. secondary or temporary horizontal control 4. Importance of Linear Measurement in Surveying In the 1950s, accurate methods of measuring long distances (typically 30 to 50 km) were developed. Horizontal angles can be measured clockwise This paper discusses various methods of measuring horizontal distances, focusing on Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) and traditional tools like chains and tapes. 2 Types of measurement 1) Pacing: Useful but imprecise Looking for survey marks rough check Accuracy 1/50 to 1/100 Good on level ground or constant slope 2) Odometer Measure from fence line to another, identifies of property lines This document provides an overview of methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying, including pacing, taping, tachymetry, and using mechanical devices. METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES METHODS: The two Methods to measure horizontal Distances are: DIRECT METHOD Measuring the line in short horizontal lengths called steps is called Direct Method. Indirect distance measurement uses subtense bars or trigonometry. Chain line Building Ties Pole ( a) The method of ties Chain line Building Pole Offsets ( b) The method of offsets FIGURE 3. They used the known speed of light (299,792. electronic distance measurement 6. Chain. These innovations revolutionized traverse surveys, making them more precise and efficient. Optical methods like stadia tacheometry can measure to 1/300 to 1/2000. After participating in this fieldwork students will become more comfortable with handling chain and ranging rods. However, in the presence of modern convenient instruments used in large-scale measurements it may be structural or field pacing has been quite overlooked by many to be an outdated and inaccurate method in surveying. Area and Volume This document discusses methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying. Dec 18, 2024 · 1. 4 %忏嫌 428 0 obj /Linearized 1 /O 431 /H [ 1060 580 ] /L 338185 /E 13380 /N 16 /T 329506 >> endobj xref 428 22 0000000016 00000 n 0000000791 00000 n 0000000909 00000 n 0000001640 00000 n 0000001939 00000 n 0000002034 00000 n 0000002064 00000 n 0000002650 00000 n 0000003470 00000 n 0000004826 00000 n 0000004849 00000 n 0000012258 00000 n 0000012285 00000 n 0000012312 00000 n BASICS OF SURVEYING 1. Geological Survey land survey crew with surveying transit and targets. The document describes various leveling methods including direct, reciprocal In addition to being a complete method of surveying, some operations of chain surveying occur in other methods of surveying. Direct methods involve physically measuring with a tape on the ground, while optical methods compute distance indirectly through techniques like stadia tacheometry. Measurements by Optical Means; Electra-Magnetic Methods. Fig. 4 Method and Procedures 6. Nov 1, 2015 · Digital level H. Indirect methods include odometers, optical rangefinders, and tacheometry. It describes different methods for linear measurement including direct measurement using chains or tapes, optical methods using telescopes, and electromagnetic methods using instruments like geodimeters. Some key direct measurement tools mentioned are tapes, chains, and electronic distance measurement devices. There are three primary methods for linear measurement: direct methods, electromagnetic methods, and optical methods. Contour 10. , P. Instruments Used. There are many good ways to measure distances. 1 (2) Principle no. It describes direct methods like pacing, odometry, tacheometry, and electronic distance measurement. First it will be helpful to review the common units of distance (displacement). 5. 3) Tachymetry uses trigonometry to indirectly calculate distances from angles and intercepts measured by theodolite. The usual method of measuring the direction of arrival is with narrow antenna beams. Distance Measurement 4. Time Measurement: Distance is roughly determined by time intervals of The document discusses basic surveying measurement techniques. 2 Measurement of distance by Ranging and Chaining 10-12 3 To survey an open field by chain survey in order to calculate the area of the open field. 8. – Add (extended foot) – Cut (first foot) • Available in steel and cloth. Also Read: - Electromagnetic Methods in Surveying Pacing is a relatively easy and quick technique used to measure distances in a certain area. May 30, 2016 · PDF | The study is devoted to the uses of laser scanning in the field of engineering surveying. It discusses tape accessories and errors that can occur in distance SURVEYING II- MODULE 1 CURVES PREPARED BY: ANJU MARY EALIAS ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, CUCEK MODULE I Curves: • • • • • • Types of curves Simple curve – Basic definitions – Elements of a simple curve – Methods of setting out (Linear methods and Angular methods) Compound Curves – Elements of a compound curve Reverse Curve Transition curves – advantages-super elevation – length This document discusses leveling and measurement of vertical distances in surveying. Fly leveling 8. These provide a direct measure of distance. MEASURING DISTANCES The principal methods of measuring distance are the (1) pacing. The principal ones are: pacing; odometer; taping or “chaining” stadia; optical range finder; electronic distance measuring (EDM) One of the decisions that must be made when preparing to measure a distance is selecting the method or device to use. Rüeger,2011-12-14 As the basic principles of EDM instruments have changed little since the third edition of 1990, there was no need for significant changes. The horizontal and vertical distances can be obtained by optical means as opposed to the slower process of measurements by chain or tape. It involves directly measuring with a leveling instrument like a dumpy level or wye level to an established datum, usually mean sea level. Introduction to surveying 2. Leveling 5. So when the objects are at a considerable distance orsituated at a considerable 12. 3. There are three main methods for linear measurement: direct, optical, and electromagnetic distance measurement. Specific concepts covered include pace factor, stadia method, subtense bar method, odometers, measuring wheels, and 4. Roll of surveyor (1) Field operations (2) Office work (3) Use of instruments 1-10. In Unit 2, you have studied different methods of measuring horizontal distance along the survey lines and offset distances of ground features from survey lines. Laboratory Activity No. It describes pacing, taping, and slope taping. The composition of a taping party, which typically includes a head tapeman, recorder, flagman, and rear tapeman. 2 Method of Included Angles 6. The linear measurement of distance between two points on the earth’s surface can be carried out by several methods depending upon the degree of accuracy and precision required. Known as Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM), the two initial types of instrument were the This text provides a standard guide to the measurement of construction works. This […] 2 Determine of distance between two inaccessible points with compass 11 3 Radiation method, intersection methods by plane table survey. Among these, direct methods stand out as the most common approach, utilizing tools like chains, tapes, and other simple instruments to measure distances. The distance traversed is automatically registered on the dial. Considering method (a), a total station would be set up over a control point whose coordinates are known as ‘a’, and back-sighted to another control CIVL 1112 Surveying - Traverse Calculations Surveying - Traverse 1/13 Surveying - Traverse Introduction Almost all surveying requires some calculations to reduce measurements into a more useful form for determining distance, earthwork volumes, land areas, etc. To allow for easy cross reference to the project specifications and divisions of the work, this Eighth Edition follows the new “MasterFormat system” (2004), a joint publication of Construction Specifications Canada (CSC) and The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI – United States of America). 3 Setting Out a Horizontal Angle 6. , 1995). Digital Theodolite A surveying instrument and precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical plane the se of theodolite, Mapping applications and in the Jun 7, 2021 · Describe methods of measuring angle types of theodolite in triangulation survey. James Watt built a distance-measuring telescope with one vertical and two horizontal wires in the plane of the reticule. A level is set on a commanding position •Older techniques of distance measurement •Electronic Distance Measurement –The idea –History –Types of Instruments –Principles of EDM –Review of wave geometry –Methods of Measurement –The reflectors –Reduction of Sloped lines to horizontal –Accuracy and Errors Distance Measurement • Older technologies “ quick look Publications CIVIL ENGINEERING Surveying and Geology Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions www. In the case direct measurements, distances are measured on the ground with the help of a chain or tape or any other instrument. In terrain where direct methods are not convenient, tacheometric methods can be used. As it is inconvenient to measure the stadia interval accurately, the movable hair method is rarely used. Compass Surveying vs. It then provides definitions for key terms like level surface, level line, and mean sea level. 7 The methods used will depend upon the scale of the survey, the time and the equipment available; i. Jul 24, 2017 · Distance had been measured in previous years using the manual method, basically using measuring tape. Rueger,1978 Introduction to Electronic Distance Measurement J. Systematic And Random Errors. The document discusses fundamental techniques for linear and angular measurements in surveying. Sep 11, 2012 · Another very common method for distance measurement is “time of flight,” where the distance is found by sending electromagnetic waves (e. It explains different types of chains like Gunter's chain and meter chain. 5) Measuring the horizontal distance between two points6) Finding vertical height of an object 7) Finding difference of elevation between various points Types of Theodolite: Theodolites may be broadly classified into four catagoriescacatagories catagories types- CHAPTER 6 THEODOLITE SURVEYING AND TRAVERSING Theodolite Survey: distance (parallactic method, through the measure between two separate marks of a known distance apart). Feb 6, 2022 · Stadia, however, is an indirect method of measurement (also called tacheometry) that makes use of a transit, a leveling or stadia rod, and trigonometry the surveyor does not actually have to traverse the line being measured. 3. In the following sections, you will learn how to use the various methods of measurement. In the optical methods, observations are taken through a telescope, and calcula This document discusses various graphical and mathematical methods for determining unknown distances, including using scales on maps and aerial photographs, geometric and trigonometric relationships in triangulation surveys, and mechanical distance measuring devices like odometers and measuring wheels. The method of repetition : To measure the angle PQR at the station Q the following procedure is followed. 2 CHAINING. This document discusses the process of measuring horizontal distances through taping in surveying. Photographer is unknown. Tacheometric methods are convenient for reconnaissance surveys of routes, for hydrographic surveying and for filling in details in a traverse. Key concepts such as backsight and foresight readings, turning points, and various leveling techniques including differential and barometric leveling are presented. This is used to provide distance estimates when no measuring device is available or This document provides an overview of measuring horizontal distances in surveying. Surveying, a means of making relatively large-scale, accurate measurements of the Earth's surfaces. But where great accuracy is required a steel tape is invariably used. It describes direct measurement using tapes as the most basic method, with an accuracy of 1/3000 to 1/5000. May Jan 23, 2019 · be of need, because of the total stations distance measuring component used for measuring distance electronically. 13-15 4 To measure the distance between two point by chaining across a slope ground using stepping method. Chapter-2 Tape Measurement 2. 1) Pacing Mar 17, 2024 · 3 METHODS OF MEASURING DISTANCE 1. Common units of linear measurement are also outlined for both US customary and metric systems Dec 21, 2024 · In surveying, accurate linear measurement is fundamental to ensure the precision of land and construction projects. Rüeger,1982 Electronic Distance Measurement Jean M. Distance Measuring Methods--Chaining • Traditional method of measuring distance. Several methods and devices can be used for measuring distance. Chains are adequate for general surveying work. 2. 1 General Distances may be measured by four methods: direct, optical, electromagnetic or GPS. When measuring along slopes, the tape is broken into segments and the slope distance is later reduced to the horizontal distance through Pacing - Free download as Word Doc (. 2 Geodetic Measuring Techniques For geodetic surveying, measurement methods that cover wider spatial extent such as continental or the entire globe are essential. Read less It also includes the act of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurement. D. Basics of Surveying – Basic concepts, measurements of distances and angles, Types and classes of surveys, surveying instrumentation, methods of linear measurement, types of measurements, chains, tapes, standard conditions for use of steel tapes, taping accessories and their use. Ranging rod and offset rods. It includes the determination of the measurements data, the reduction and interpretation of the data to usable form, and, conversely, the establishment of relative position and size according to given measurement requirements. 4 SUMMARY In this unit, you have studied details of indirect methods of distance measurement including determination of elevation differences through tacheometric surveying methods. In surveying, that undermost circumstances, all distance are presumed to be horizontal distances. The document outlines procedures to determine an individual's pace factor and then use it to measure unknown distances by pacing. The horizontal distance between two points is measured along a horizontal plane, while the slope distance follows the surface of the earth. The method used for any particular job depends upon the nature of the ground, the range, the accuracy, the number of distances to be measured, the time available, and the cost and the availability of the equipment. The direction, or angular position, of the target is determined from the direction of arrival of the reflected wave front. In this chapter you will become acquainted with the basic methods and techniques of measuring distances. Land surveying is one of the oldest and most fundamental forms of surveying in civil engineering. Electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) methods, however, enable accuracies of up to 1 in 10 5 be achieved without difficulty over ranges 100km. Trigonometric Leveling - Heights and distance problem (Two Exercises) 4. The most common methods are pacing, taping, and electronic distance measurement. Pacing - useful for approximate measure • A person can determine the value of his average pace by counting the paces necessary for him to walk a distance which has previously been measured more precisely. This document discusses methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying. Electro-Magnetic distance measuring (EDM) device. 458 km per second) and the timed reflection of a microwave or light wave along the measured line. Principles of surveying (1) (4)Principle no. PACING A DISTANCE I. (b) D can be found by measuring the line using three (or more) differ ent, but closely related, wavelengths, to form simultaneous equations of the form 2D = n'Am + LlAm. 2mm ± 1ppm. E. Introduction. Systematic errors can be eliminated The distance traversed is automatically registered on the dial. Observation method a) Direct b) Indirect 2. 1 Methods: Direct (tapes) Indirect: (EDM, Stadia) 2. Various methods of obtaining CHAIN SURVEYING METHODS OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENT In surveying, linear measurements have been obtained by many different methods. Slope taping measures along inclined ground and then reduces the slope distance to its horizontal Jun 28, 2018 · Be able to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the six common methods of measuring distance. 3 This paper discusses the principles and methods associated with leveling, a vital process in surveying that determines elevation differences on the earth’s surface. The electronic distance measuring equipment and a reflector are necessary to measure the Jun 10, 2024 · Types of Liner measurement surveying. There are two basic methods of employing least squares in survey adjustments: 1. vertical, and angles. A traverse is developed by measuring the distance and angles between points that Linear measurements in surveying can be performed by mainly three methods namely direct method, electromagnetic methods and optical methods. There is EDM Electronic distance measuring instrument is a surveying instrument for measuring distance electronically between two points through electromagnetic waves. It covers: 1. Difference between plane and geodetic survey 1-6. Measuring distance and angles with simple instruments involves two of the most common procedures used in agricultural surveying. Feb 27, 2018 · 7. " (4) stadia. Distance Measurement The measurement of distance is one of the fundamental operations in engineering surveying and is carried out by taping, tacheometric or Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM) techniques. • For most people pacing is done most satisfactorily, when taking natural steps. Though there are several ways to estimate distance to a particular point without physical This document discusses different methods for measuring distances in surveying. 5. Photograph by Michael Freeman. Be able to use the six common methods of measuring distance. It describes direct and indirect methods of measuring distance, horizontal angles, and vertical distances/angles. Be able to calculate a correction factor for a systematic error Measuring distance and angles with simple instruments are two of the most common surveying procedures used in agriculture. EDM is a general term embracing the measurement of distance using electronic methods. Pacing is a reasonably quick method of measuring distance in the field without sophisticated instruments. Condition method 12 Redundancy: Methods of Contour Surveying There are two methods of contour surveying: 1. 27 Instruments used in this method are required to have provision for the measurement of the variable interval between the stadia hairs. DISTANCE MEASUREMENT In plane surveying, the distance between two points means the horizontal distance. The results also indicate that in the absence of distance measuring instruments, levels can be used to measure distances of 100 m range to an accuracy within 1:4000. e. Common leveling methods include direct, reciprocal, profile, trigonometric, stadia, and barometric leveling. Georg Reichenbach (1812) built distance-measuring cross-wires into a tele scopic alidade for cadastral survey in Bavaria. 12. (1) The repetition method, (2) the Direction method. Judging distance: This is very rough method of determining distance. 3682 36. Electronic distance measurement allows for the highest precision of 0. Feb 27, 2018 · The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. 16-17 5 To survey an area by chain survey across obstacles and to operate. Direct method 2. Back, top: U. Study of theodolite and measurement of horizontal angle by repetition method. The reading approximates on rough ground. b) Theodolite Traversing – Stadia Tachometry. traverse surveys 8. Taping uses a graduated tape stretched between points and read to directly measure distance. Measurement of horizontal angle by reiteration method. It emphasizes the precision of these instruments and outlines the factors affecting their accuracy, such as temperature, tension, and slope corrections. The term chaining was originally applied to measure Distance with a Surveying covering area upto 260 km 2 may be treated as plane survey because the difference in length between the arc & its subtended chord n the earth surface for a distance of 18. 4) Graphical and mathematical methods Classification of Surveying Classification Based on methods. Other considerations are accuracy, cost, distance between mea-surements, ruggedness and reliability (Killeen et al. Triangulation was practically the only method available for surveying large areas before the invention of electronic distance measurement in the middle of the twentieth century (see Fig. (2) odometer. Chain Surveying – Chain triangulation, Survey stn. The document describes the procedure for taping over uneven and sloping ground to determine horizontal distances. Even though the instruments are simple, a high degree of accuracy can be achieved with practice and careful work. The direct method involves the use of tapes and chains which are generally laid along the straight line joining the two points. Pacing involves counting steps of a known pace length to determine distance. • Two common types. Arrows. The document outlines techniques for direct and By the various methods of determining distance the most accurate and common method is the method of measuring distance with a chain or tape is called Chaining. - Method of offsets. . 2 1-7. For work of ordinary precision a chain is used. M. Tape. These include (1) pacing, (2) odometer readings, (3) optical rangefinders, (4) tacheometry, (5) subtense bars, (6) chain, (7) tape, (8) electronic distance measurement (EDM). Triangulation: Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the area to be surveyed is large, triangulation is adopted. Linear Measurement- Different methods of direct measurement instrument for chaining, Ranging, Chaining on uneven slopping ground, Errors in Chaining, Corrections. traverse adjustment (compass rule) 11. Time Measurement: Distance is roughly determined by time intervals of Nov 24, 2024 · The direct method is the common method that employs a chain, tape or any other instrument to measure the linear distance. M. 4 Setting Out a Vertical Angle 6. - Pacing Count the number of steps and multiply by the known length of each step. Back, bottom right: Details are measured using one or both of the following methods: - Method of ties. Be able to calibrate distance-measuring instruments. pdf), Text File (. Different systems of Tacheometric Measurement: The various systems of tacheometric survey may be classified as follows: The stadia System (a) Fixed Hair method of Stadia method (b) Movable hair method, or Subtense method The tangential system Measurements by means of special instruments The principle common to all the systems is to calculate the horizontal distance between two points A and Leveling is the process of measuring vertical distances to determine elevation differences between points. Their magnitude and direction can be determined. Curve setting – different methods. coordinate computations 7. traverse survey guidelines 9. g. (a) The measuring wavelength can be increased manually in multiples of l 0 so that a coarse measurement of D is made, enabling n to be deduced. S. 5 General Applications 6. EDM instruments use the speed of Direct Distance Measurement The measurement of distance is one the fundamental operations in engineering surveying and the methods involved are divided into two categories, direct and indirect. Non-stadia systems This method of surveying is primarily based on principles of trigonometry and 2. Geological Survey technician setting up a fixed-height tripod and prism for a vertical-control traverse, Cataract Canyon, Utah. It highlights the relative accuracy of each method, with pacing providing rough measurements, chaining offering more precision, and EDM achieving the highest accuracy. The The methods of topographic survey and dimensional control will most probably be: (a) by polar coordinates (distance and bearing) using a total station; or (b) by GPS using kinematic methods. In surveying, the distance between two points is understood to mean the horizontal distance, regardless of the relative elevation of the two points. 8250 8. The procedure for taping, which involves aligning the tape, stretching it taut, plumbing points, marking full tape lengths, and measuring fractional lengths. 4. 7. existing maps, where small details can be shown, could well be used for scales of 1:50000 or smaller (1:100000). Uses of survey 1-8. kuif kebw blh flyrj emvfq riuuwtyh zpql jhtlu kkge bgwf mxxprwio fxkhpy dwmgos lgcf mgt