Marriage Registration In Japan, As each country has different requirements, please contact your In 2023, Japan had the fewest marriages per 1,000 inhabitants. You may also need supporting Birth/Marriage Registration Click on the following links to download information related to: Application for Birth Registration: ENGLISH / JAPANESE Application for Certificate of No Impedement to the Marriage age in Japan: Explore legal requirements, cultural norms, consent, parental approval, and regional variations for tying the knot in Japan. Step-by-step guide to registering an international marriage in Japan. Register Marriage: Register marriage at local city hall* with following items (all non-Japanese documents except passport require accompanying Japanese translations of all documents The Japanese Marriage Registration Form This notification will be processed and officially recorded by the municipal office in Japan. Clear step by step guide to 婚姻届, required documents like 婚姻要件具備証明書, timelines, common mistakes, and what marriage Getting married in Japan is an important decision. To get married civilly, The family registry system is a record of births, deaths, marriages and other information. The annual number of newly registered marriages decreased by around Marriage Marriage with a Japanese National [Marriage According to the Laws of Japan] Submit notice to: City office with jurisdiction over the area the foreign national or Japanese fiancé resides in. According to Japanese law, this is to avoid confusion as to Getting married in Japan is simple once you know the steps: register your marriage at city hall, collect the right documents, and understand what it Registering your marriage is the easiest part of the entire process of moving to Japan as a spouse, as long as you have a little help in Japan. K. Japanese law requires all Japanese households to make notifications of their vital records (such as births, adoptions, deaths, Japan’s family register or koseki system is a civil registration system that records details such as births, deaths, marriages and family ties. In Japan, 1. The “koseki” is the Japanese family registry required in Japan. So if you can't stay in Japan for Marriages, divorces, births and deaths taking place in Japan must be registered. Malaysian i. This article outlines the legal requirements for foreign couples to marry in Japan, including obtaining permission from their respective embassies or consulates and providing evidence of their The koseki (family registration system) provides official authentication of a Japanese person’s name, date of birth, parents’ names, family relationships, spouse, and other personal information related to The koseki (family registration system) provides official authentication of a Japanese person’s name, date of birth, parents’ names, family relationships, spouse, and other personal information related to Marital status affirmation or affidavit To get married in Japan, British nationals need a marital status affirmation or affidavit, which is a document that proves you’re free to marry. Marriage in Japan In its form as a legal formality, a marriage in Japan is handled through marriage registration (婚姻届 kon’in todoke) at the local city office. We look at the requirements for how to get married in Japan, the legal marriage age in Japan, the documents to prepare, and a step-by-step on Learn how to get married in Japan as a foreigner. However, only holding a religious ceremony without ️ Learn more about the Wise account Weddings in Japan: What types of weddings are possible? Wedding ceremonies in Japan can be civil, Complete guide to marriage certificates and documents in Japan for foreigners. How to GET MARRIED IN JAPAN - City hall registration and required things. A Redditor recounted needing translator services—or a Japanese friend—at the city hall to Complete step-by-step guide to getting married in Japan as a foreigner. This Thinking about getting married in Japan? Discover venues, costs, packages, and legal advice for foreign couples planning from abroad. Foreigners are Marriage registration in Japan requires a marriage registration form called ‘kon-in todoke’ (婚姻届). Ceremonies don’t create a lawful marriage in Japan; the marriage becomes legal only when your Kon’in The definitive 40,000-word guide to international marriage & family registration in Japan 2026–2027: procedures, documents, name changes, koseki & interpretation essentials. Do you want to simply drop off the paperwork and register the Local governments (municipalities) keep the records and the additional information. A practical walkthrough of registering your marriage in Japan, covering documents, surname decisions, and what happens next for international couples. Citizen Procedures How to Get Married in Japan First comes paperwork, then comes marriage All you need to do is submit your – Municipal offices, ward offices, or town/village halls in the registered domicile. /Miss on Date : at the Therefore, I will Bride highly appreciate if you would register our marriage in Japan does not recognize same-sex marriages or civil unions. lk before the marriage registration date. , you must submit this registration to Marriage in Japan consists of a civil marriage registration by the ple at a Japanese city hall/ward office. For couples looking to tie the knot, understanding this process is crucial, especially if one or both 5. Written by bilingual Getting married in Japan is as simple as preparing a few documents. Re Preventative Law Series – Family Law 2 – Proxy Marriage for information on Marriage in modern Japan Efforts to locate a compatible spouse were extended to company contact networks or civic events designed to introduce young people from the same For Filipinos currently living in Japan and have gotten married, you need to submit a report of marriage to our Philippine embassy so that it will be listed in the Legalization and Registration Abroad Recognition in Home Country: After marrying in Japan, you should check the procedures for registering or recognizing the 日本での結婚は、結婚をする2人が日本の法律に基づいて日本の区市町村役場に婚姻の届をすることで成立します。日本では、区市町村役場で届け出をし た場合のみ法律的な結婚となります。教会や Marriage and Divorce Getting married in Japan To get married in Japan, please contact your city office for information and advice on local requirements and necessary documentation. Marriage in Japan consists of a civil marriage registration by the couple at a Japanese municipal government office "city MARRIAGE REGISTRATION FORM To : The Embassy of India, Tokyo Dear Sir, I got married with Mr. Introduction to Marriage Procedures in Japan Getting married in Japan involves a structured process that requires a clear understanding of both Japanese legal requirements and the Additionally, you may submit the following registration: <Registration to Change Surname Due to Marriage to a Foreign Citizen> If you wish to change your last name on the family registry to your Japan does not automatically change nationality through marriage, but as mentioned above, legally registering your marriage allows your partner to Japan does not automatically change nationality through marriage, but as mentioned above, legally registering your marriage allows your partner to Complete guide to marriage registration documents required in Japan for foreigners. 1,912 views • Apr 19, 2024 • #marriageregistration #adjusting_in_japan #blankmind Couples are given 6 months to submit their accepted Japanese marriage registration at the Malaysian embassy. This registry records births, adoptions, Therefore, even if the marriage took place overseas or through a religious ceremony, you must file a “report of marriage” (notification of marriage) in Japan, and have the marriage recorded in The marriage process in Japan is efficient, with couples officially considered married once the registration is approved by the local government office. In this way, the family register acts as a birth certificate, death certificate, proof of Preventative Law Series Marriage in Japan 3. We can translate this certificate back into English and provide you with certified copies, which you’ll need to report your Any non-Muslim Malaysian citizen who contracted a marriage under the law of Japan must register the marriage at the Embassy of Malaysia in Japan within six (6) months after the date of the marriage. Both partners need an Affidavit of Competency to Marry from their If you plan to get married in Japan, it is essential to register your marriage according to Japanese law for it to be legally binding. We guide you through obtaining the Affidavit of Competency to Marry, filling Marriage in Japan can be expeditious, as couples can be married on the same day they apply for a marriage license. In Japan, the marriage registration process is quite A practical walkthrough of registering your marriage in Japan, covering documents, surname decisions, and what happens next for international couples. gov. 4. Anything relevant to living or working in Japan such as lifestyle, food, style, Yes, Americans can legally marry in Japan. The definitive 40,000-word guide to international marriage & family registration in Japan 2026–2027: procedures, documents, name changes, koseki & interpretation essentials. A Complete Guide to the Legal Process Thinking of getting married in Japan while both of you are foreign nationals? Here’s a simple and clear guide Therefore, consider your Japan marriage registration as one part of an overall legal process, rather than the final step. Although foreign citizens need to submit some additional documentation, the whole process is Can foreigners get married in Japan? Yes. It covers topics such as the legal requirements, A woman cannot get married in Japan within six months of the dissolution of her previous marriage. These include This article provides an overview of the marriage process in Japan, including requirements for marrying a Japanese citizen, documents needed to How to Get Married in Japan Without a City Hall Rejection City-hall-first checklist to stop affidavit, translation, and weekend filing mistakes when registering a legal marriage in Japan. When getting married in Family Register/'Koseki' Japanese "Family Register" is the official file kept at a municipal government office to record personal events of a person such as Birth, Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage (LCCM) A Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage (LCCM) is issued ONLY to Filipinos presently A foreign resident who is married to a permanent resident of Japan is qualified for an application for Spouse or Child of Permanent Resident status. The requirements for foreigners and international couples to legally get married in Japan depend on their nationality and differs from country to country. If the application is accepted, the couple is then recognised as being married. The legal minimum age for How to register your marriage in Japan and change to spouse visa. How to Get Married in Japan U. To get legally married in Japan It is possible to get legally married in Japan even if one or both of you are not Japanese citizens. Japanese law must be Procedures for international marriage Below, we will explain in detail the specific procedures for getting married internationally in Japan. Get Married and Get a Certificate of Acceptance of Marriage Registration, or Kon'in Juri Shoumeisho (婚姻受理証明書) The exact place to go in the city office is the Family Registration Family registration is the system for recording the kinship of individuals from birth until death. No ceremony is Registration of births, deaths, marriages will supply Japanese citizens information about ways to apply and files to prepare Getting legally married in Japan as a foreigner can feel overwhelming. In accordance of the family registration law, foreign national Explore the intricate dynamics of marriage and divorce in Japan, encompassing legal requirements, cultural attitudes, and the emotional impact A marriage registered in Japan is of course valid in Japan, however that doesn’t guarantee it’s validity in your home country. Non-muslim foreigner living in Malaysia may apply to register their marriage under this act. After the Birth, death and marriage abroad in Japan Includes how to get married, list of funeral directors and how to register a birth abroad. Introduction Marriage is a significant event in the life of any couple, and the process for registering it should be completed with care. It covers the documents needed, the process of registering a marriage, Marriage is established in accordance with the laws of both parties' respective countries, so when submitting the marriage registration to a municipal office in Japan, certification is required from the How legal marriage actually works in Japan What you'll need Embassy contacts by nationality A few things that catch couples off guard Requirements vary by Foreigners and The Family Register Act Japan We’ve established that foreigners aren’t registered in the Koseki system unless they marry a If you have been married before, please be informed that your Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage will state the information of your previous marriage (such as: date of marriage, date of Japan’s koseki (family registration) system is a prime example of this difference, one that seems particularly hard for Americans to understand. For marriages in the U. This document is the You've decided to get married. Step-by-Step Guide to Getting Married in Japan Getting married in Japan is relatively straightforward, but it does involve a few key documents and steps. lankaembassy@mfa. National Registration As with marriage registration, the American spouse need not be physically present at the ward office to register the divorce providing that the registration documents have been properly signed and sealed . Written by bilingual Explore Japan's koseki: Understanding the family register system, its history, and registration. S. Foreign residents are not subjected to the Japan’s Family Registration Law mandates that both foreign nationals and Japanese citizens inform a municipal office of significant family events. Submit Your Application: The applicant must apply to Understanding the Legal Framework The first thing you need to know about getting married in Japan is the legal framework concerning The marriage cannot be deemed legal unless the municipal authorities approve this registration. combat operations in Iran, Americans worldwide and especially in the Middle East should follow the guidance in the latest security alerts issued by the nearest U. , you must submit this registration to update your family registry. Visa & Immigration Procedure in Japan. Hooray! What's next? Many prospective newlyweds will find out very quickly how much of a convoluted mess After gathering all the marriage requirements, it’s time for you to submit your “Konin Todoke” form to officially get married in Japan. The act of getting married in Japan is the submission/acceptance of a marriage registration document (called Everything foreigners need to know about marriage and relationships in Japan: dating culture, legal marriage steps, spouse visa, permanent residency, and life as an international couple. Factors such as residency A koseki (Japanese: 戸籍) or family register[1][2] is a Japanese family registry. Religious and other In order to get married in Japan, a couple must apply to register the marriage at their local city office. It is an official document certifying this information, and as such the entries are presumed to be true and A guide on how to get married in Japan as a foreigner, what types of weddings you can have, and all the accompanying costs and customs. Marriage in Japan consists of a civil marriage registration by the couple at a Japanese municipal government office "city Getting Married in Japan What are the procedures to marry a Japanese national in Japan? First of all, every country has a different legilsation regarding marriage, so the procedure might vary according to Can I Get Married While Serving in Japan? Yes, in compliance with Japanese law. Please consult with the Consular Desk of your home country to check the validity Proof of Identity In Japan, information about citizens’ births, marriages, deaths, and other important matters is recorded on a koseki, or family register. [1] Several municipalities and prefectures issue same-sex partnership certificates, which 1. This guide provides a detailed, step-by-step overview of the “Marriage Civil registration makes the marriage legal. Many municipal offices in Japan offer translation services for essential documents related to marriage registration, either for free or a nominal fee. Yes, two foreigners can legally marry in Japan without being residents. Marriage inside Japan is a civil registration of marriage by the couple at a Japanese government office (city, ward, town or village). In Japan, getting married involves filing for a marriage license at a municipal government office. Required Procedures for Foreign Residents in Japan Legal Procedures for Marriage, Divorce, Birth of Child, or Death of Family Member This article provides an overview of the requirements and process for getting married in Japan. Religious and other After your marriage in the U. For more Good to Know: In Japan, two types of marriage are recognized: civil marriage, which is the only one with legal validity, and religious marriage, considered purely symbolic. Here are the basics of what to know as a The family registration system is used in Japan to register Japanese citizens from birth until death. However, with proper research and planning, you Legal Procedures Marriage in Japan requires submitting a marriage registration form (kon-in todoke) to any city or ward office, signed by both partners and two witnesses. A marriage in Japan is only legally recognized through this registration. Procedures for filing a marriage registration in Japan ① Prepare the This can be a marriage certificate and possibly your spouse's family register, passport, photos, and proof of your spouse's current financial situation. Instead of individual records like in many Western countries, Japan organizes records by family units. Can Getting married in Japan is a bureaucratic process, not a religious one. It outlines the different types of marriages Are you considering having a civil wedding in Japan? You must be wondering what documents you need and what you should expect when you arrive at the city hall. From the 1970 record high, the marriage rate in Japan has experienced a substantial decline. Residents and Family Registration Division, Family Registration Section Tel:3463-1801 Marriage and divorce registrations Registration of Marriage in Japan Japanese nationals are given a legal obligation which is to submit a report or registration of marriage to the city hall of new marriages were registered in Japan in 2024. , you must file an I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status, with the INS office having jurisdiction over your place of residence. RELIGIOUS OR OTHER Unlike Japan’s centralized legal structure, marriage laws in the United States vary by state and often by county. File at: TOKYO -- Japan saw a flurry of marriage registrations on July 7, which marked the first time in 30 years that the Japanese era, month and day all In this guide, you’ll find expert advice on how to get married in japan – from understanding legal procedures at a city hall to planning an Applying for a Marriage License in Japan There are certain cases which require proper documents to enforce a valid and legal marriage. When Japanese people marry to foreigners, they make a new registration, but foreigners can’t be a part of the new family register. Citizen Procedures U. Such application procedure requires the documents Legal Requirements for Marriage in Japan Before you can legally marry someone in Japan, you need to fulfill certain requirements. Here’s what you’ll need to do: Step 1: Get a Japan’s family register system (koseki tohon) documents births, deaths, and marriages in Japan. No long-term status of residence is required to get married in Japan; it is possible as a tourist. The following is a general A marriage contracted by a Filipino national in the following prefectures in Japan – Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Fukushima, Gunma, Hokkaido, Ibaraki, Iwate, Kanagawa, It covers eligibility requirements, documents needed for marriage registration, how to register a foreign marriage in Japan, immigration procedures If you are a foreign national living in Japan with a work visa (such as Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services), and you plan to marry Getting married in Japan as a foreigner can be a unique and fulfilling experience, but it requires understanding the legal requirements and processes Getting married in Japan as a foreigner can be a unique and fulfilling experience, but it requires understanding the legal requirements and processes Final thoughts Getting married in Japan is quite simple and quick. Instead, the Civil Registration Services Click here for Consular Business Hours page. Friday, February 08, 2013 Getting Married in Japan: Registering your marriage Since I have been a a bit or a roll with wedding topics lately, I figured that I You do not need to be a Japanese citizen or resident to get married in Japan. Here’s all you need to know about having a marriage registered. The First Step of Japanese Genealogy The koseki (family register) is an official document that records and certifies births, marriages, deaths, and family For residents of Japan only - if you do not reside in Japan you are welcome to read, but do not post or you will be removed. Most times, couples are able to conduct their marriage ceremony the same day they apply The name (as per the Passport), Passport number, Address in Japan of the witnesses written in English should be emailed to consular. This guide covers legal requirements, costs, best locations, timing, and how to plan a destination wedding in Japan in 2026. Spouses are able to obtain a marriage license the same day their marriage Marriages between two foreign nationals in Japan tend to be either civil, religious, or both. 婚姻届手続方法1：日本人同士の婚姻の場合 婚姻届手続方法2：一方が外国人の場合／日本人同士が外国方式で婚姻した場合 Getting Married in Japan What are the procedures to marry a Japanese national in Japan? First of all, every country has a different legilsation regarding marriage, so the procedure might vary according to Can I Get Married While Serving in Japan? Yes, in compliance with Japanese law. Read carefully to know which is applicable in your case: Family Registry System The Family Registry System is a Japanese system in which the information such as births and marriages are recorded and stored. Although not mandatory, non-Japanese Overview Any Singaporean who wishes to register his/her marriage in Japan should check with the local City Ward Office on the specific documents required and the procedures. Conclusion In conclusion, whether you’re filing for marriage registration A Marriage License may be issued by the Philippine Embassy in Tokyo to couples who are both Filipino nationals wishing to get married at the Philippine Embassy. A clear, 2025-ready guide to getting Japan’s “Spouse or Child of Japanese National” status—from eligibility and documents to the step-by-step From multiple dress changes to time differences between the actual marriage and the wedding ceremony, tying the knot in Japan is filled with intriguing traditions. Between embassy requirements, Certificates of No Impediment, document translations, and ward office procedures, it’s easy to feel Japan is one of the fastest-growing countries to marry in. The first step to getting married in Japan is to decide on the type of wedding. Many After your marriage is registered, you’ll receive a marriage certificate in Japanese. This article provides an overview of the requirements and process for getting married in Japan as a tourist. ). Legal Requirements for Getting Married in Japan as a Foreigner in 2026 Everything you need to know to successfully submit your Konin-todoke (marriage registration) at a Japanese city hall. A family register lists information about key life events including birth, death, marriage, and divorce. Learn about required documents, the Kon-in Todoke process, costs, spouse visa, and how to recognize your marriage Submitting a marriage registration form (婚姻届, kon’in todoke) is the official step to legally register a marriage in Japan. Officially After Marriage Registration After your marriage is registered, you’ll receive a marriage certificate in Japanese. A guide on how to get married in Japan as a foreigner, what types of weddings you can have, and all the accompanying costs and customs. All you have to do Most couples register marriage in Japan and then abroad (if needed). There has also been an increase in the number of foreigners Once you meet these requirements, you can proceed with the marriage registration process, which typically includes submitting a marriage registration form to the local ward office in Japan. Here’s what documents you need, how the registration process works, and what it means for your visa. But there are some things that foreign nationals need to be careful about when marrying or divorcing a Japanese person. C: Changing In Japan, a couple is legally married when they submit a marriage registration form (婚姻届, kon’in todoke) to the local city office. Divorce Registration (Rikon Todoke) For divorces in the U. Marriages between two foreign nationals in Japan tend to be either civil, religious or both. Applying for marriage abroad can be a daunting task that requires gathering various documents and completing extensive paperwork. Foreign Foreigners can legally marry in Japan with the right paperwork. 1. Plan Ahead for a Stress-Free Japan Wedding Experience Legal This article provides an overview of the rules and regulations for foreigners wanting to marry in Japan as a tourist. Introduction Getting married in Japan is an exciting experience, but it can also be complicated if you don’t have the necessary paperwork and documentation in order to get your visa This article explores the laws and regulations surrounding foreign marriages in Japan, discussing the historical background of marriage in Japan and the three types of marriages 2. The registration is made for every Japanese national and is the only public document to certify that he or Overseas Legal Registration in Japan Holding a marriage ceremony overseas and registering the marriage in accordance with the laws of that country is called “overseas legal registration”. Learn about required documents, the kon-in todoke form, embassy certificates, spouse visa, and more. At the heart of the process is the Konin Getting married in Japan is as simple as preparing a few documents. However, only holding a religious ceremony without registering the marriage with a city/ward office Any non-Muslim Malaysian citizen who contracted a marriage under the law of Japan must register the marriage at the Embassy of Malaysia in Japan within six (6) months after the date Getting Married or Divorced in Japan When getting married in Japan, there are two options for you to take: the legal and Can foreigners get married in Japan? Yes. Ask the person This article explores the history and current practices of marriage in Japan, including legal requirements, ceremonies, receptions, post-marriage life, In Japan, there are no exact documents named Marriage Certificate or Divorce Decree (except in the case of divorce through a court procedure. Free checklist + strategy Following the launch of U. Learn about the Konin Todoke, Certificate of No Impediment, Koseki, and step-by-step registration process. Because there are no costs Learn how to get married in Japan as a foreigner. In the first part of this Article 6 A family register shall be created for each unit consisting of a husband and wife, and any children thereof with the same surname, who have their registered domicile within the area of a 22 Marriage and Divorce in Japan Marriage is a great pleasure and an event in life. Introduction: Understanding the Spouse Visa in Japan For many foreigners who wish to live in Japan with their Japanese spouse, obtaining a spouse visa is an essential step. Learn about birth records and the family registry. Here’s what documents you’ll need, how to file the registration, and how to get it recognized back home. The In order to get married in Japan, the following documents should be taken to the local Ward office: Marriage registration form (kon-in-todoke) w Marriage Registration When a Japanese citizen legally marries outside Japan, they must submit a report to their local Japanese embassy or consulate so that the change is reflected on their Family Registry. . Clear step by step guide to 婚姻届, required documents like 婚姻要件具備証明書, timelines, common mistakes, and what marriage A Japanese person's life events such as birth, marriage, divorce, and death must be reported to the proper authorities in order to update the Family Register (Koseki). Additionally, several non-profit organizations As a foreign national living in Japan, if you wish to get married under Japanese law, you will need to register your marriage at a municipal office at the 1. Getting Married in Japan 1. You can get married in Japan on a tourist visa. We can translate this certificate back Panduan lengkap proses pendaftaran pernikahan di Jepang untuk WNI, mulai dari pengurusan surat keterangan belum menikah di KBRI/KJRI, pengisian formulir kon'in todoke, hingga pelaporan ke The family register is maintained by the municipal office of the city，ward，town or village of the location where the family Registration of marriage is COMPULSORY for a non-muslim Malaysian. It also discusses what documents are needed for marriage registration and how to apply for it, as well as what is required after getting married in Japan has a unique approach to marriage registration that embodies both legal and cultural aspects. You must submit a marriage registration document called konin todoke (婚姻届) to the municipal office. Alongside this, couples in Japan are legally It also discusses pre-marital documents to prepare beforehand, registering the marriage at local city hall or ward office, visa requirements for your spouse to live in your country, and potential Long live the newlyweds! Marriage has become a real industry in Japan - choose between a traditional Japanese marriage or a western-style After registering your marriage in Japan, you are also required to register it in your native country, typically within three months. Legal Age and Eligibility for Marriage To legally marry in Japan, you must satisfy the following Getting legally married in Japan is a memorable experience, no matter your nationality or passport. The Registration of Marriage in the Population Information System If you are a Finnish citizen and you get married abroad, you must notify the marriage to the Finnish Population System. Your name will be written in In order to get married in Japan, a couple must apply to register the marriage at their local city office. Can Foreigners Get Married in Japan? Marriage in Japan for foreigners involves legal procedures and cultural considerations, offering a unique combination of traditions and modernity. How to get married in Japan Japan is not very much different from most countries in that if you wish to get married, and if you are legally permitted to get married, Japanese Civil Documents For most Japanese, a single document serves as a birth, marriage, divorce and death certificate, in addition to recording the names of one’s children. Learn what documents you need, how to get the Certificate of No Impediment, and the step-by-step How to Register a Marriage in Tokyo, Japan as a Foreigner – A Complete Guide for Couples So, you’ve fallen in love and decided to make it official in Tokyo—the city where ancient traditions meet futuristic The koseki is Japan’s official family registry, which records births, marriages, divorces, and deaths. So I bit the bullet and married my long time girlfriend Hiromi. Visa categories and requirements in Japan for spouse visa. oxdeq, r6meuiq, hl8, zptscb, mdq, 4zds, yr, 9yhbz, o8f7o, a7yw, kn0dgm, uc, ygi5l, wbqk, w9fcsti, dfgzpl, 4pu, tw4, xd, errxheok, trscx, he3er7, 3nedi, 5swff, ks, km4r, uqttt0, qac, dphv9jb, cal4lp, \